In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Sugarcane Farmers 2. Family Structure of Sugarcane Farmers 3. Housing Conditions 4. Occupation 5. Land Holding 6. Source of Irrigation 7. Farm Machineries and Implements 8. Livestock 9. Source of Credit 10. Planting Season and Planting Methods 11. Marketing Channel 12. Problems 13. Priorities for Future Investment.
Introduction to Sugarcane Farmers:
The purpose of study, 453 sugarcane farmers were selected in which 71.96 percent are male and 28.04 percent are female. The table 5.1 shows that more than one fourth of the sugarcane farmers are female as their male counterpart.
Out of total number of farmers, 71.30 percent are married, 22.74 percent are unmarried and 5.96 percent are separated/ widow in the study area. 56.73 percent of the farmers belong to Hindu religion while 43.27 belong to Muslim religion.
Caste system is unique in Indian society and also forms the basis of inequality and exploitation. Data revealed that majority of the farmers are general (47.24 percent) followed by OBC (30.24 percent) and SC (22.52 percent) in the study area.
Family Structure of Sugarcane Farmers:
The type of family in which a person lives and gets socialized has immense importance in deciding his values, beliefs and behaviors patterns which are likely to affects his or her attitudes towards a particular problem, hence the family type plays its own role in giving the response of an individual and therefore it was thought important to understand the family type of the respondents.
The rapid technological development in agriculture has helped the farmers in improving their economic life on one hand the growing individualism among on the other. In order to know family type of the farmers a sample respondents data were taken, which is mentioned in table 5.2. The table represents that majority of the farmers (64.46 percent) prefer to live in joint family while 35.54 percent prefer to live in nuclear family.
Age Composition of the Family Members:
In the context of sugarcane cultivation, the age of the respondent and family member is important because it has bearing on his capacity to work, his preparedness to take risk and to introduce new cultivation practices etc. In view of this research study based on primary data need to focus on this aspect. 453 farm families of the study area having 2917 family members.
Therefore, keeping pace with this trend, all the 2917 members of total household were arranged according to their age in ascending order.
Majority of the members of male are belong to 36-59 year age group (25.77 percent) followed by 15-35 year age group (25.58 percent), 7-14 year age group (22.19 percent), 0-6 year age group (16.56 percent) and above 60 year group (9.91 percent).
On the other hand 25.12 percent and 24.46 percent female members are belong at age of 15- 35 years and 36-59 years age group, other female member at the age of 7-14 years show 23.80 percent followed by 17.74 percent are 0-6 age group. Only 8.86 percent female members belong above 60 years of age groups.
Educational Status of Family Members:
The education level of the head of household is important since it leads to more knowledge about cultivation practices, for adoption new technologies in the agriculture process and to lead life in a better way. In view of these reasons an attempt is made to analyze the educational status of farmer and its family members.
The distribution of data relating to levels of educational status of male family members revealed that 14.32 percent are high school and 13.17 percent are intermediate. However 11.82 percent and 11.25 percent male members had schooling up to 5th class and up to 8th class.
It is interesting to notice that there are 10.54 percent and 7.28 percent male members have completed graduate degree and post-graduation course, 3.70 percent in professional course and 4.47 percent in technical courses. Table 6.4 also depict that the male family members those are literate but no formal education are 12.59 percent and 10.80 percent are illiterate.
A close look from above table that explains 12.28 percent female members are high school and 9.97 percent are intermediate. Only 8.31 percent female members are graduate and 5.37 percent post graduate, where as 11.32 percent female are get education up to 5th class and 9.34 percent up to 8th class in the study area.
Illiterate female are 12.40 percent and literate but no formal education are 12.02 percent. The number of females pursuing education is less because most of the girl drop out the school due to household work, lack of money, looking small kids in the family and collect the fodder, fuel and firewood in the field.
Housing Conditions of Sugarcane Farmers:
Housing is a basic necessity of the human beings and house in an individual identity symbol reflecting ones socioeconomic status of prestige. It influences one physical health and mental efficiency. Consequently it affects the skills and productivity, which ultimately determines individual socioeconomic status.
Housing condition is a true reflection of the socio- economic condition of the people. There is a clear correlation between poverty and housing. The government is making all out efforts to achieve the target by pooling together resources of the centre, the state and the people in dire need of houses. The condition of housing in the villages is satisfactory.
They use to keep their cows, goats, and other animals, if at all they were there, in one of the corners of the same house. But as the process of development has brought economic prosperity even rural masses have started investing a lot in improving their housing condition. They are gradually changing their mud thatched houses into mud-tiles, bricks tiles and ultimately into reinforced bricks and cement houses.
The above table 5.5 represents that the majority of the respondents, who owned Pukka houses are 248 amounting 54.75 percent to the total while Kuccha houses are 55 (12.14 percent). Mixed type houses are 150 in terms of farmers owned amounting 33.11 percent to the total. Mostly mixed house are used as cattle shed and agricultural purpose. It shows that the housing condition of the farmers is good in the study area.
Electricity Connection:
Electrification is virtually synonymous with modernization of the rural energy sector. Electricity is an essential source of energy input to sustain the economic activities of a region and its socio-economic growth. Abundant supply of power at low price intends the high productivity in agriculture and industries which ultimately raise the per capita production and income.
However, electricity is the only means of power which can reach every village and it is consistent sources of energy for agriculture. Socio-economic development of rural society is based on access of electricity to them. The introduction of electricity profoundly affects the village life. Rural electrification may be in a unique position to promote a paradigm improvement in agricultural productivity by making possible irrigation through pump set and associated modern technology and practices.
Usually the house condition in villages coupled with poor economic condition and lack of electric appliances have discouraged villager to avail of this great asset. The frequent failures and deliberate cuts in power supply to rural areas have a kind of negative impact in terms of forcing farmers to prefer the expensive diesel power pumps. There is need for provision of secondary transmission lines with assured power supply and quick repair facilities.
The electricity scenario of the farmers is given in the above table 5.6 represents that majority of households is electrified that is 66.23 percent of the total. Only 33.77 percent households are un-electrified in the study area. The poor supply of the electricity in the study area causes many problems.
The supply of electricity in the study area is very poor it is supplied one week night and one week in a day and in the summer condition is too bad. Merely electric line does not mean electrification. Irregular and week-wise poor electric supply is common in the study area.
Household Assets:
Household assets indicate economic status of a farmer. To know the economic profile of the farmer analysis of household’s asset is necessary. Giving due consideration to this aspect data has been ascertained from farmers regarding the assets they possess.
The percentage of bicycle is 13.28 percent, bike 8.70 percent, T.V 8.08 percent and DTH 4.46 percent. The percentage of mobile is very high it occupies 21.45 percent while the laptop/computer are 5.88 percent. The connections of LPG cylinder are 10.17 percent, washing machine 5.84 percent and refrigerator 6.90 percent. Only 2.60 percent farmers have four wheelers.
Occupation Other than Farming:
Occupation is one of the important determinants of social status. The style of a particular population group or individual is predominantly determined by the nature and type of occupation. Occupational status appears to indicate a reliable and powerful characteristic of persons or households by dint of its temporal stability and substantial correlation with other social and economic variables.
Near about 21.17 percent male farmer are worked as agricultural laborers. Whereas 19.02 percent were employed as daily laborers. A large number of male farmer 17.18 percent and 13.08 percent engaged animal husbandry and transportation.
The number of male farmer engaged in services as well as business were 14.72 percent and 14.11percent respectively. Above table also explain that majority of female farmer 20.47 percent were employed as agriculture laborers and 18.11 percent as daily laborers. Other female farmer 16.53 percent engaged in animal husbandry, 14.17 percent in services and 13.38 percent in transportation while the 17.32 percent engaged in embroidery/tailoring.
Land Holding among the Farmers:
In agricultural system size of holdings determines the agricultural income of farmers. There is an intrinsic relationship between the size of land holding and socioeconomic transformation. The sociological and anthropological studies provide enough evidence to prove the fact that the extent of land ownership is an important indicator of one’s socio-economic status.
It is more so in an essentially agricultural country like India, where land being scarce is much valued by the people. The size of the farm is one of the important factors which influences the farmer’s decisions regarding agricultural work, and determines his income from farming.
In recent times, however, the size of farm has been given greater importance, as an account of high prices land has become scares as compared to family labour. Therefore, any increase in size of the farm is not possible except by adding leased arable land. The small size of land holding hampers the optimum use of modern farming techniques, biochemical techniques, and animal force for tilling and managerial talent.
The size of land holding of farmers is depicted in the above table. The total area of 453 farmers under land holdings is 1594.96 hectares in the study area. Among 453 farmers 75.06 percent have owned land and 24.94 percent land under share cropping.
Source of Irrigation among the Farmers:
Water is very important for development of agriculture. Irrigation has a major positive impact on agricultural productivity. Irrigation is considered an artificial method to provide water to agriculture. This shows that irrigation is effort of human beings to provide water at the time of any deficiency of water on account of failure of rainfall. It is a must for cultivation of crops in rain deficient regions. Irrigation system is also useful in favorable rainfall region to cultivate the wet season crops as the security against failure of rainfall at the time of plant growth.
Farmers annually produced two or three crops in different seasons with the irrigation facility they can cultivate the long duration crops like sugarcane. Thus, irrigation increases the intensive use of scarce resources like land and other underutilized inputs.
The sources wise distribution of the irrigated area reveals that majority of farmers 37.75 percent have owned irrigation equipment. Other farmers who are using private tube well are 32.67 percent followed by 20.09 percent state tube well and 7.95 percent canal irrigation. Only 1.55 percent farmers use pond irrigation for sugarcane cultivation in the study area.
Cropping Patterns:
Cropping pattern is the central element of agricultural land use. Farmers always want to maximize return from farming and therefore, they use such impacts as irrigation, fertilizers, High Yielding Variety of seeds for those crops which are capable of giving commensurable returns.
Therefore, different types of crops are grown in different areas in different seasons. This is called cropping pattern. In other words, by different cropping pattern is meant the proportion for area under different crops at a point of time.
Crops are indicator of irrigation and agricultural typology in an area and are helpful in interpreting some aspects of socio-economic conditions of the region. Cropping pattern is easily susceptible to change with changes occurring in methods, technology and even in objectives of farming. Changes in cropping pattern imply a change in proportion of area under different crops.
Cropping pattern of the study area reflect that Sugarcane occupies a place of pride by occupying 671.12 hectares of cropped area and 436530 quintal production. Sugarcane is the main source of sugar, jaggery (Gur) and Khandsari holds a position as a cash crop during study period whereas wheat is second most predominant crop.
It is the basic bread grain and accounts for the 405.92 hectares cropped area with 24568.2 quintal production. Paddy has the distinction of being the staple food of a major portion of the population, it covers the 336.96 hectares of cropped area and the production is 19596.7quintal. However in the district other crops occupy 178.56 hectares of cropped area.
Farm Machineries and Implements among the Farmers:
Mechanization is one of the key factors in the rejuvenation of agriculture. Mechanization stands for the use of machinery in all farming operations, ranging from ploughing to the marketing of the produces. There is now a common belief that progressive agriculture is impossible without mechanization of agriculture. By mechanization of agriculture we mean the replacement of animal and human power by machinery.
The improved tools and farm implements can change appreciably the cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop combinations resulting into high agricultural returns. The use of machinery in agriculture has resulted in increased agricultural production and reduction of costs.
Naturally, there is common belief that progressive agriculture is impossible without mechanization. As regard to sampled villages farmers are mechanized with the several types of tools and implements as given in the table 5.13.
As regard to the study area, farmers are equipped with the several types of tools and implements. The table shows that 15.03 percent are Iron/wooden plough followed by 11.71 percent pump sets, 8.95 percent bullock cart, and 8.22 percent trolley.
While the winnower, threshers, sowing machines are 7.48 percent. Other important tools and implements are Tractor, Harrow/cultivator, sprayer amounting 7.37 percent. Only 6.08 and 5.40 percent show zero-till-ferti-seed drill and sugarcane planter respectively during the study period.
Livestock among the Farmers:
Livestock is not only an important source of food and income, but also the sign of assets in rural areas for poor people. Livestock also constitutes “living bank” providing flexible financial reserve in times of emergency and serve as “insurance” against crop failure for survival. Farmers keep cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats including small numbers of poultry in backyard to meet their domestic needs. Therefore, livestock became an integral part of farming system as such.
The table 5.14 recounts that most of the families are rearing milch animals (buffaloes and cows) for the purpose of milk requirements which makes an amount of 28.80 percent and 24.60 percent followed by 22.17 percent draft animals. The percentage of young stocks is 24.43 percent in the study area.
Source of Credit among the Farmers:
Credit came as a revolution in the rural sector as it helped farmers in farming equipment’s, seeds, livestock and other necessary elements to help them in their social and economic life. The distribution of different source of credit of farmers of study area is depicted in the table 5.15.
Table 5.15 reveals that, in the study area majority of farmer are availing credits from commercial banks amounting to 60.92 percent. However 17.44 percent have a source of cooperative societies followed by 8.61 percent relatives, 6.40 percent local money lenders and 6.62 percent from neighbours during the study period.
The trend shows that farmer trust on commercial banks as compared to other sources of credit. Now a days many commercial banks, cooperative banks provide loans to the farmers in convenient interest rates and also government of India’s policy is favorable towards agricultural sector.
In the study area, farmers using a credit in many ways they gave first priority to irrigation equipment because irrigation is very important tool of crop productivity. Table 5.16 also reveals that 17.44 percent farmers gave second rank to social ceremonies and 14.13 percent farmers gave third rank to education.
A close look from table that 13.47 and 13.02 percent farmers gave fourth and fifth rank to seeds and fertilizers. On the other hand 10.38 and 7.28 percent farmer gave sixth and seventh rank to farm machinery and purchase of land. Only 6.40 percent farmer gave eight ranks to purchase of animals in the study areas.
Planting Season and Planting Methods of Sugarcane:
In India, sugarcane is planted thrice a year in October – November (autumn), February -March (spring) and April – May. The planting season for sugarcane in the subtropical belt is from January to March. In the study area 47.90 percent farmer have done planting of sugarcane in the month of February to March after harvesting of wheat. Planting is done in well prepared soil having adequate moisture and first irrigation is generally given after the sugarcane setts start germinating.
Only 39.74 percent farmers interested to planting in April and May, it is necessary to ensure adequate moisture in the soil at the time of planting the setts of the crops. Sugarcane suffers most in this belt for want to water during summer.
The table 5.17 shows that 12.36 percent farmer planting in the month of October to November. Sugarcane crop is labor intensive crop with the development of technology majority 41.94 percent farmer using tractor for planting method followed by spade 33.77 percent and plough 24.28 percent during the study period.
Marketing Channels of Sugarcane:
Table 6.18 analyses that 50.33 percent farmers sale sugarcane to purchase centre of sugar mills due to nearness to the sugarcane field and 36.42 percent to sugar mill gate. Only 12.80 percent of the farmers sale sugarcane to cane crushers.
Problems Faced by the Sugarcane Farmers:
Production Problems:
U.P Council of sugarcane research, Shahjahnpur has reported more than 60 percent of the sugarcane farmers do not adopt the scientific crop , production technology properly due to lack of acquaintances and non-availability of resources. In the study area, 50.33 percent farmers told about the problem of lack of scientific knowledge on sugarcane cultivation while the 49.67 percent not show any response of facility of scientific knowledge on sugarcane cultivation.
The important planting operation practices are proper seed treatment, soil treatment, time of planting, seed rate and line distance. Non adoption of recommended practices of sugarcane at the right time is a major constraint faced by farmers.
As far as 61.81 percent farmers have non adoption of recommended practices of sugarcane whereas 38.19 percent farmers do not use any recommended practices of sugarcane. On the other side 54.08 percent farmers have non-adoption of recommended varieties in the study area and 45.92 percent have not non-adoption of recommended varieties.
A close look from the table 5.19 that 73.51 percent told that one eye bud or two eye bud technique is laborious and costly but according to 26.49 percent farmers they do not think that. Electricity supply is not good in the study area that’s why 87.20 percent farmers facing the problem of irregular supply of electricity for irrigation and 12.80 percent farmers not facing the problem of irregular supply of electricity for irrigation due to they have own engine.
However irrigation facilities is important for sugarcane cultivation but 75.28 percent farmers have a problem of high cost of irrigation and the high rate of diesel because most of the farmers are marginal, small and medium.
While the 24.72 percent have no problem of high cost of irrigation. As much as 76.82 percent farmers says that the problems of unclean irrigation and drainage canals and 23.18 percent have no problem of unclean irrigation and drainage canals in the study area.
Sugarcane cultivation is least mechanized and most labor intensive crop in study area. Table 5.19 depicts that the 61.81 percent farmers have the problems of shortage and high wages of labor while the 38.19 percent have no problem of shortage and high wages of labour.
The scarcity of harvest labour is mostly due to other employment generating schemes like MGNREGS and also due to increasing out flux of labour to gulf countries and other areas of the country. As a result of labor scarcity, the planting does not get completed in time. The shortage of harvest labour and a steep increase in labor costs have reduced the profit margin in sugarcane cultivation in the study area.
However 53.42 percent farmers were not access the non-availability of improved inputs in local market but 46.58 percent farmers have to access the improved inputs. During field survey 76.16 percent farmers are accept and told the lack of demonstration on field.
They were mostly come two or three time in a year. Only 23.84 percent farmers are not accepted the problem of lack of demonstration on field they were satisfy to visit two or three time in the field.
Being a long-duration crop of 12 months and its sowing spreading from October to May, sugarcane is a labor- intensive crop, which requires about 166-325 labor days per hectare. Inter culture operation is the single largest consumer of labor in sugarcane cultivation in India.
Sugarcane requires about five inter culture operations, including manual weeding operations and hence the labor-use is spread across five operations. The other main components of labor-use in sugarcane cultivation are harvesting and planting operations. Harvesting requires about 70-100 labor days/ha for a normal sugarcane crop.
In the study area most of the sugarcane operations like preparatory cultivation to sowing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weeding, inter cultivation, plant protection measures, harvesting, etc. are done by human labour. During study 83.89 percent farmers give the positive response that sugarcane is labour intensive crop and 16.11 percent farmer gives negative responses.
Sugarcane is a long duration crop therefore is liable to be attacked by a number of insect pests and diseases some estimates suggest that 20.0 percent and 19.0 percent is the actual decline in production due to pests and diseases respectively. There are approximately 288 insects that infest sugarcane of which about 24 of them cause heavy losses in quality as well as in quantity.
The scenario of insect pests and diseases varies with location e.g., borers and stalk borers are pre-dominantly found in subtropical areas, whereas diseases like rust and eye spots along with pests such as internodes borer and shoot borer are common in tropical areas.
Farmers of the study area (54.30 percent) are facing the problem of insect and disease. Rust, eye spot disease and internodes borer and shoot borer are common problem. Therefore 45.70 percent not so much facing the problem of insect and disease because they were use fertilizer and pesticides time to time in sugarcane field.
Rodents/mice cause extensive damage to ripening sugarcane wherever it is grown. A close look from the table that 56.07 percent farmers are facing the problem of rodents/mice. They gnaw on the internodes of growing stalks, thereby killing stalks, diminishing yields, or allowing infection by bacteria or fungus, which reduces cane quality and sugar yield.
Whatever 43.93 percent have no response regarding the problem of rodents/mice. Farmers of the study area to control the attack of rodent and mice use to alleviate rodent damage, to prevent spread of rodent – borne diseases, to reduce problem rodent population or to eliminate rodent infestation.
Sugarcane is perennial crop and remains 3-4 years in the same field. Therefore all types of weeds, seasonal, annual and perennial grow in the field, 60.04 percent farmers have a problem of spread of different kinds of weeds while the 39.96 percent farmers have no positive attitude toward the spread of different kinds of weeds in the field of sugarcane.
Adequate availability of credit on time is an important requirement for the farmers, particularly under conditions of scarcity of resources and uncertainty. The study reveals that 63.13 percent farmers have non availability of credit they are small, marginal and medium farmers. 36.87 percent farmers have the availability of credit because they are large or semi medium farmers.
On the other hand 68.87 percent farmers have the problem of shortage of funds for purchase of input for cultivation and 31.13 percent have no problem of shortage of funds for purchase of input.
Table highlights the 55.41 percent farmers have the shortage and high costs of fertilizers and 44.59 percent arrange and solve the problem shortage and high costs of fertilizers. Data exhibit that the 69.32 percent farmers show the non-availability of new varieties while 68.42 percent farmers assess the new varieties of sugarcane.
The present study illustrates that 58.50 percent farmers have small and fragmented land holdings of sugarcane while the 41.50 percent have medium and large land holdings in the study area. Now a days the price of diesel accelerated which create problem to transport of sugarcane from field to sugar mills/purchase centers etc.
That is why 72.63 percent farmers show the problem of high cost of diesel and 27.37 percent are not too much serious. Table depicts the 57.17 percent farmers facing the problem of delayed cutting of sugarcane. Government should have announced the date of inaugurating crushing on the day of cancelling the scheduled programme, at least to instill confidence among the farmers that crushing would be started.
More than the delay of one week, the uncertainty has costs the farmers the most. The Government announcing the date only after legal intervention is only strengthening the doubts that the deferment of crushing was only because of pressure from private mills.
Other problem which phase farmers is scarcity of manual labour for harvesting and other problem are afraid of paying a cane cutting charges. While the 42.83 percent have no response regarding the delay of cutting of sugarcane in the study area.
Sugarcane harvesting is a very labor -intensive activity in which 69.09 percent farmers are facing the problem of high cost of cutting because of labour shortage and workers usually become fatigued after manually cutting the cane for a few hours. They need frequent pauses for rest, and they experience sustained injuries from excessive stress on the joints and muscles of the body.
On other hand 30.91 percent farmers not take seriously, most of them do manually cutting of sugarcane. Table also analyze that 67.99 percent farmers have the unsystematic cutting of sugarcane because of labors can’t cut sugarcane properly at ground level. They cut sugarcane above the ground level with distance 6″ to avoid the strike of the knife with soil but maximum sugar content is at bottom of cane.
While the 32.01 percent not positive response to unsystematic cutting of sugarcane. Sugarcane is long duration, attractive and testy corp. People, especially children are generally attracted to it. Below table show that 59.82 percent farmers in the study area shows the problem of theft of sugarcane in the field and 40.18 percent are not give positive responses.
Marketing Problem:
Price plays an important role, in the decision of farmers to grow or to increase the extent under of particular crop. Above table analyses that 61.59 percent farmers are worried about due to fluctuation and delay of payment to the sugar industry while the 38.41 percent farmers have not shown a price problem.
Low price of product is another issue, maximum time sugar mill and government announces the low price of sugarcane. The harvest prices of sugarcane were not sufficient to cover the increased prices of inputs and parity between prices of output and input was not favorable. At the same time 63.36 percent farmers are complain the low price of product but 36.64 percent farmers have no complain regarding the low price of produce.
After cutting of sugarcane in the field farmer face the problem of transport and delay of payment, the concentration of sucrose decrease that cause the loss of weight of the sugar in sugarcane. Above table clearly shows the 60.49 percent farmers have inaccurate weight of the sugarcane. While the 39.51 percent farmers have not a problem of inaccurate weight of the sugarcane.
Stealing of sugarcane during transportation and field is very common 68.43 percent farmers facing these problems but 31.57 percent farmers are not serious about this condition. Transportation is an essential element of the production-distribution chain.
The cost of transporting sugarcane from the field to the mills is high, owing to the multiple transport facilities and time – consuming activities involved in the delivery process. A close look from table shows those 52.32 percent farmers have complain of high cost of transportation while the 47.68 percent farmers have no problem of high cost of transportation.
Delays in transportation are serious concern since they affect production costs, which are eventually reflected in the consumer price. During the study 67.55 percent farmers facing the problem of delay of transportation and 32.45 percent farmers have no any opinion of delay of transportation? At the same time 58.94 percent farmers have a problem of high cost of loading and 41.06 percent farmers gave no any positive response.
Delay in payment is major issues in the study area, 73.68 percent farmers are facing the problem of delay of payment while the 26.31 percent farmers are waiting and hope the payment of the sugarcane give at a right time in future.
Priorities for Future Investment:
Irrigation is identified as a decisive factor in Indian agriculture due to high variability and inadequacy of rainfall. Irrigation is imperative for successful agriculture particularly in the arid, semi-arid and sub humid areas, which are prone to drought and famine conditions due to partial failure and delayed arrival or early withdrawal of monsoon.
Table 5.20 precise that the 22.96 percent farmers of the study area gave first rank to irrigation followed by 20.09 percent farmers gave second rank to improved varieties of sugarcane. 17.88 percent farmers gave third rank to fertilizers for future investment and 15.45 percent farmers gave fourth rank to purchase of lands.
Agriculture machinery and implements are an important factor in agricultural production and productivity enhancement. There are direct as well as indirect effects of agriculture machinery and implements on productivity through better use of other inputs, more efficient and timely completion of agricultural operations and increase in cropping intensity. Above table explain that 12.58 percent farmers gave fifth rank to farm machinery and 11.04 percent farmers gave sixth rank to purchase of animals in the study areas.