The following are the important documents needed relating to land measurement:- 1. Zareeb 2. Shijra/Kishatvar/Paarcha/Latha 3. Measurement of Land 4. Murababandi 5. Goshwara 6. Registry 7. Intkaal 8. Jammabandi 9. Division of land (Zameen Dee Takseem) 10. Girdawary and Darusti Girdawary 11. Rectification of Girdawary 12. Theka or Chakota 13. Rehan (Mortgage) 14. Loss (Khraba) 15. Computerization of Land Record.
1. Zareeb:
The chain made of iron rings (Karies) is called Zareeb which is used for measuring the land. The land is measured in acres, kanals or marlas in most parts of Punjab. The length of Zareeb is 10 harms (a unit of land measurement usually equivalent to two footsteps or 5.5 feet.
2. Shijra/Kishatvar/Paarcha/Latha:
It is a piece of cloth on which map of the village is carved and all the Khasra numbers of village are printed on it.
3. Measurement of Land:
Whenever boundary of a particular field gets erased and length and breadth of it is not known to the owner and the owner intends to get it measured, then Patwari/ Kanugo marks the length and breadth of that Khasra number with the help of Shijra and Jareeb. Demarcating the area on all four sides of field is called measurement.
4. Murababandi:
Consolidation of scattered pieces of land as a one unit at one place is called Murababandi/Chakbandi. Murababandi was started during fifties. According to Punjab Consolidation Act, land was divided into 25-25 acres of land pieces. Apiece of 25 acres of land is called Muraba or Musteel. With the help of Murababandi, every work related to land becomes easier.
5. Goshwara:
Sum/total of all cultivated crops presented in tabular form is called Goshwara.
6. Registry:
When a piece of land, house, shop, etc. is sold or mortgaged by one person to another on a fixed price, an agreement is entered with photos with mutual consent of both parties in the Register maintained in the office of Tehsildar is called Registry or registered agreement. There are different types of registries like Registry Bhai, Rehan, share, transfer of ownership etc.
7. Intkaal:
Transfer of ownership rights from one person to another is called Intkaal. There are 12 columns of an Intkaal. Intkaal is of different types like Bhai, Rehan, hereditary, transfer of ownership, share, exchange (tabadala), division (Takseem), etc.
Patwari enters the Intkaal and Kanugo checks its contents as per record. After that, Tehsildar summons both the parties at a designated place and time and approve the Intkaal on the verification of the Nambardhar in the presence of both the parties.
8. Jammabandi:
Jammabandi or Ford is one of the important documents of Punjab Revenue Act regarding ownership of land. The ownership of land is continuously changing like transacting a part of land on Bhai, Rehan, transfer, hereditary, unirrigated to irrigated, change from rental to crop share basis (mamla to bhatai), change of cultivators, etc. Entering of these changes in record is essential.
Earlier, Jammabandi was carried out after a span of four years, but now Jammabandi of every village is renewed after a span of five years. The changes made during the preceding five years are entered in the record of Jammabandi/Fard which consists of 1-12 columns in which particulars of Khepet number, Khatauni, name of village Pati or Thuley and name of owner according to his or her share, existing cultivator and source of irrigation, etc. are kept. This document is called Jammabandi.
9. Division of land (Zameen Dee Takseem):
When the number of shareholders of a particular piece of land increases, then division of land as per the consent of share-holders is called division of land. After division of land, every shareholder becomes owner of his or her share. Now one can sell or mortgage one’s land.
One can also take loan from banks, transfer any number of his or her shares and can have a separate turn for canal water supply. One can also take his or her own electric connection. It facilitates the shareholder to take independent decision about his/her land share such as sell or mortgage, taking loan from banks, separate turn for canal water supply, own electric connection etc.
10. Girdawary and Darusti Girdawary:
Girdawary is also called Gardaury. It is a type of survey of land and cultivated crops. Girdawary is done twice a year during the month of March for Rabi crops and October for kharif crops. In addition, Girdawary is also done twice a year in the months of May and December for the crops falling between Rabi and Kharif seasons.
11. Rectification of Girdawary:
Corrections in the Girdawary can be made with consent and signatures of both the parties by the Patwari. In case of dispute, then it can be got rectified or corrected in the Court of Tehsildar.
12. Theka or Chakota:
Land given by the owner to another person for cultivation on rent for fixed amount and time period is called Theka or Chakota. The time period may be one year or two years or five years, etc.
13. Rehan (Mortgage):
When an owner of the land gives temporarily a piece of his land to another person for cultivation for mutually agreed amount and fixed time, it is called mortgage of land. The land will remain with the person who leases in the land till its original owner returns the whole amount.
14. Loss (Khraba):
Destruction of crops on large scale due to any natural calamities, e.g. excessive rains, drought or the attack of insects/pests etc. is called loss (Khraba). Although different government departments have their own yardsticks for assessing the crop losses but destruction of crops in the area is assessed assuming 100% production of crop in the area.
15. Computerization of Land Record:
These days, land record is being provided through computerization and Jamabandi and Intkaal can be checked by sitting at home. The certified copies of Jammabandi and Intkaal can be obtained personally from the nearby office of Sub-Tehsildar/Tehsildar by paying the requisite fee. Land record is also available on the website: www(dot)plrs(dot)org(dot)in
Scales of Measurement of Land:
1 foot = 12inch
1 yard = 3 feet
1 furlong = 220 yards
1 mile = 1760 yards or 8 furlongs
1 karm = 66 inch (5½ feet)
1 square karm = 1 Sarsahi
1 marla = 9 sarsahian or 272 sq. feet or 30 sq. yard
1 kanal = 20 marlas
1 Acre = 8 kanals or 160 marlas or 220 × 198 sq. ft or 36 × 40 karm or 96 bisweys or 4000 sq. metre
1 hectare = 2.5 acres or 10,000 sq. metre
1 biswa = 50 sq. ft
1 Muraba/1 Musteel = 25 acres