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Essay on Jamun
Essay Contents:
- Essay on the Origin and History of Jamun
- Essay on the Area and Production of Jamun
- Essay on the Importance and Uses of Jamun
- Essay on the Choice of Varieties of Jamun
- Essay on the Insects-Pests of Jamun
- Essay on the Diseases of Jamun
Essay # 1. Origin and History of Jamun:
The jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) is an important indigenous minor fruit of India. It is known by different names like black plum, Indian black cherry, Ra jamun etc. in various parts of India. The jamun is tall, handsome evergreen tree.
The jamun is native to India or the East Indies. It is also found in Thailand, Philippines, Madagascar and some other countries. The jamun has been successfully introduced into many other tropical countries like West Indies and East and West Africa, and also some other sub-tropical regions including Florida, California, Algeria, and Israel. It is widely distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Australia and USA.
Essay # 2. Area and Production of Jamun:
India is the second largest producer of Jamun fruit in the world after China. It is also found growing in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. Maharashtra is the largest Jamun producer in India followed by Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam etc.
In India, the maximum numbers of jamun trees are found scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical region. It grows in the Indo-Gangetic plains, lower ranges of Himalaya and Tamil Nadu. Jamun is seldom planted in the form of an orchard and generally scattered trees are found in fruit plantations. Organised orcharding of Jamun is still lacking in India. They are also seen growing in parks, on road sides, avenues and as windbreak.
Essay # 3. Importance and Uses of Jamun:
Jamun is highly nutritive fruit. It is a good source of iron, minerals, protein and sugars. The fruit contains 0.07% protein, 0.04% mineral matter, 0.015% calcium, 0.015% phosphorus, 1.2% iron, 0.9% fibre, 14.0% carbohydrates, 48 I.U. carotene and 18 mg/100 g vitamin C.
The fruit of jamun is tasty and has pleasant flavour. Mostly, the fruit is used for dessert purposes and it is very much liked by the people. The fruit is usually shaken with salt before eating. The fruit has sub-acid spicy flavour. It can be used for making Jam, jellies, squash, beverages, vinegar, pickles and wine. Jamun squash is very refreshing drink during the summer months. Its fruit syrup is very much useful for curing diarrhoea.
Fruits are effective medicine against heart and liver trouble. The seed powder of Jamun reduces the quantity of sugar in urine very quickly. Jamun juice mixed with mango juice is very good for quenching thirst for diabetic patient.
The vinegar prepared from slightly unripe fruit is stomachic, carminative and diuretic. Small jamun fruits contain high amount of acidity, tannins and anthocyanins are found very suitable for use in the beverage industry.
Jamun seed can be used as a concentrate for animals because it is rich in protein, carbohydrates and calcium. Its wood is used for railway sleepers. It is not attacked by wood decaying insects or fungi.
Essay # 4. Choice of Varieties of Jamun:
No named or standard varieties of this fruit are cultivated on commercial scale.
The common variety grown under North Indian condition is as follows:
i. Ra Jamun:
It produced big sized fruit with average length of 2.5-3.5 cm and of diameter 1.5-2.0 cm. Fruits are oblong in shape, deep purple or bluish black in colour at fully ripe stage. The pulp colour of ripe fruit is purple pink and the fruit is juicy and sweet. The stone is small in size. It ripens in the month of June-July. The variety is very common among the people.
ii. Small Sized Jamun:
It is a late maturing variety. The average length of fruit is 1.5-2.0 cm and diameter is 1-1.5 cm. The fruit is slightly round in shape, deep purple or blackish in colour at full ripe stage. The colour of the pulp is purple, less in juice, weight and sweetness of pulp in comparison to that of ‘Ra Jamun’. The stone is very large. Fruits ripen in the month of August.
iii. CISH-37:
This is a variety from CISH, Lucknow. The fruits are large in size and oblong in shape. TSS is 16 per cent. The average yield is 2.0 q fruits per tree. Ripens in second week of June.
iv. CISH-42:
This is seedless type variety from CISH, Lucknow. The fruits are small in size and round in shape. TSS is 14.7 per cent. The average yield is 1.5 to 2.0 q fruits per tree. Ripens in second week of June.
v. Konkon Bahadoli:
The variety is from Regional Fruit Research Station. Vengurla, Maharashtra. Fruit weight 15 g. TSS is 16 per cent.
vi. Badama:
The fruits are large in size. It is very juicy variety.
vii. Bhado:
The fruit ripens in the month of August.
viii. Narendra Jamun – 6:
The variety is recommended by NDUAT, Faizabad.
ix. Goma Priyanka:
The variety is recommendation from Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Godhra, Gujarat. Ashada, Jathi and Kaatha varieties are also cultivated in different Jamun growing regions of the country.
Essay # 5. Insects-Pests of Jamun:
1. White-Fly- (Dialeurodes Eugeniae):
It damages the tree in all parts of India. Sometimes the fruits of jamun get wormy due to attack of fruit fly. Pests can be controlled by maintaining sanitary situation in the orchard. Pick up the affected fruits and bury them deep in soil. The area under the tree should be dug so that the maggots in the affected fruits and the pupae hibernating in the soil may be destroyed.
2. Leaf Eating Caterpillar- (Carea Subtilis):
It is reported to damage the plant in South India at Coimbatore. The insect infest the leaves and may defoliate the trees. The pest can be controlled by spraying 625 ml Rogor in 500 litres of water.
3. Bark Eating Caterpillar- (Indarbela Quadrinotata):
It is a polyphagous pest of major importance on Jamun especially in north-western India. As a result of larvae feeding inside the branches and the trunk, the translocation of cell-sap is disrupted and growth as well as fruiting capacity of the tree is reduced. Remove the webbing and inject kerosene oil into the holes during September – October and again in January – February.
4. Squirrels, Parrots, Crows and Birds:
The jamun fruits are also damaged by these squirrels, parrots, crows and birds. For keeping them away, beating of drum or flinging small dry earthern balls through a sling is useful.
Essay # 6. Diseases of Jamun:
Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot:
The disease caused due to Glomerella cingulata. Affected leaf shows scattered spots, light brown or reddish brown in colour. The affected fruits rot and shrivel.
The disease can be controlled with fungicide like Dithane Z-78 at 0.02% or Bordeaux mixture (2:2: 250).